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DIVING INTO
PARADISEWITH
THE SEA LIFE
OFFMALAYSIA
PAGE 19
|
TRAVEL
ANDYMURRAY
KEEPS HIS COOL
FOR A PLACE
IN THE FINAL
PAGE 12
|
SPORTS
WEEKEND
HE’S AMUSE,
A BOSS—AND
ALL HIP-HOP
PAGE 14
|
WEEKEND ARTS
INTIMIDATION
IN THEWORLD
OFMUSEUMS
PAGE 6
|
VIEWS
REVEALING
HOWMANET
SHIFTED STYLE
PAGE 15
|
WEEKEND ARTS
THE GLOBAL EDITION OF THE NEW YORK TIMES
SATURDAY-SUNDAY, JANUARY 26-27, 2013
GLOBAL.NYTIMES.COM
A protégé
of Mandela,
back in the
power circle
Investors
rekindle their
love affair
with stocks
Deadly siege
in Algeria
resonates
in Norway
AUSTRHEIM, NORWAY
After stint in business,
veteran A.N.C. negotiator
is a political player again
NEW YORK
Torrent of money is most
since 2001, propelling
indexes around the world
A giant in oil business,
country reconsiders hunt
for profit in risky areas
BY BILL KELLER
By the time I met Cyril Ramaphosa in
1992, he was Nelson Mandela’s choreo-
grapher at the negotiations that would
eventually bring three centuries of
white dominion to a thrilling and rela-
tively peaceful end. Every day a poly-
BY NATHANIEL POPPER
Ordinary investors are falling in love all
over again with the stock market after
nearly five years of bitter separation.
More money has poured into stocks
worldwide in the first three weeks of
January throughmutual funds, the com-
mon investor’s way to play the market,
than in any comparable period since
2001, according to the data company
Lipper. The new investments have
helped put the broader market within
striking distance of its highest levels —
ever.
And with the U.S. stock market set-
ting the pace, as usual, for global in-
vestors, the resurgence is not solely a
domestic phenomenon. Since the begin-
ning of the year, leading indexes are up
6.7 percent in Britain, 3.8 percent in
France and 5.1 percent in Japan. In Ger-
many, which has weathered the Euro-
pean debt crisis better than most other
euro-currency countries, the bench-
mark DAX index has nearly returned to
the all-time high it reached in late 2007.
In the United States, the rally is being
driven by the same investors who fled in
swarms after losing trillions in retire-
ment funds and other investments dur-
ing the financial crisis. But after a series
of unexpected events in the past few
months, forgiveness is in the air.
‘‘You’ve got a real sea change in in-
vestor outlook,’’ said Andrew Wilkin-
son, chief economic strategist at the as-
set manager Miller Tabak Associates.
Share prices of many U.S. companies
have already recovered most of the
losses they suffered during the financial
crisis, allowing investors who kept their
money in the markets to open their
quarterly statements with a smile. But
until very recently many people had
BY NICHOLAS KULISH
AND HENRIK PRYSER LIBELL
Oil and gas vaulted this Nordic country
to among the world’s most advanced
and prosperous in just a few short de-
cades. Now the deadly siege in Algeria
has fired a debate here over how farNor-
way’s petroleumcompanies should go in
their hunt for resources and profits.
The energy giant Statoil announced
Fridaywhatmany inNorway had feared
since news of the attack began to spread
last week: Three of the company’s five
employees who had been declared miss-
ing following the attack on the installa-
tion at In Amenas were confirmed dead.
Few hold out more than the slimmest of
hopes for the remaining two.
Norway did not suffer the most loss of
life in the attack and ensuing hostage
crisis at the gas facility in Algeria, a ter-
rible distinction that went to Japan, with
10 fatalities. But this sparsely populated
Mandela’s mogul
From The New York Times Magazine
glot, multiparty assembly — of former
prisoners and their onetime oppressors,
Communists and Bantustan autocrats
and Afrikaner nationalists and union
militants — mingled in a conference
center outside Johannesburg to discuss
what would be, in effect, the terms of
surrender.
Mr. Mandela provided the moral au-
thority. Mr. Ramaphosa, then secretary
general of the anti-apartheid alliance,
the African National Congress, was the
business end. Big, round-faced, grin-
ning through a peppercorn beard, a
charming manipulator in multiple lan-
guages, he was adept at both creating
tension and defusing it, at threatening
to send his constituents on a campaign
of ‘‘rollingmass action’’ and then easing
the pin back into the grenade.
Janet Love, a member of Rama-
phosa’s negotiating teamwho now runs
a human rights law center in Johannes-
burg, reminded me recently how he re-
solved the conundrum that arises when
you have a constellation of 19 parties
and alliances in which some matter
more than others — namely: How do
you knowwhen something should be re-
garded as decided? Mr. Ramaphosa
came up with the concept of ‘‘sufficient
consensus.’’ It was a polite way of say-
ing that when the white National Party
and the A.N.C. came to terms, everyone
else, as Mr. Ramaphosa explained later
to a reporter, ‘‘can get stuffed.’’
When the deal was done, he was the
obvious choice — in fact, he was Mr.
Mandela’s choice — to be the first
deputy, next in line for the presidency.
But the party elders, especially the
powerful faction that spent the struggle
in exile, were wary of Mr. Ramaphosa,
who had worked the home front as a un-
ion organizer and came late to the A.N.C.
So onmy visit to SouthAfrica this past
December, I met a new Cyril Rama-
phosa: Cyril the tycoon, at the office of
his holding company, Shanduka Group,
in Johannesburg’s most upscale neigh-
borhood. On the Forbes list of the
richest Africans, Mr. Ramaphosa is No.
KYRRE LIEN FOR THE NYT
Mayor Per Leroy of Austrheim knows how
petroleum has affected his region.
region of the Nordic country, on the
North Sea coast, had four people at the
facility at the time of the attack, two of
whommade it home safely, one of whom
was declared dead Friday and one who
is still missing.
Thanks to the nearbyMongstad oil re-
finery, the largest in Norway, the region
has experienced an extreme version of
Norway’s rags-to-riches story and, like
the rest of the country, is now grappling
with the risks that come with sending
workers to unstable corners of theworld
in search of resources and profits.
The episode has not been as shocking
PIETER HUGO
Cyril Ramaphosa, once Nelson Mandela’s chosen successor, entered the private sector and became one of Africa’s richest people.
STOCKS, PAGE 9
In combat, ‘th
ey didn’t care that I was a woman’
BY JAMES DAO
During her second deployment to Iraq,
Staff Sgt. Stacy L. Pearsall of the U.S.
Air Force found herself attached to an
army ground unit that was clearing
roadside bombs. They had just found
their 26th device of the day when one of
their armored personnel carriers ex-
ploded. An ambush was on.
The chaos that unfolded over the next
few hours was not a typical day for Ser-
geant Pearsall. But under the Penta-
gon’s decision to allowwomen into front-
line combat units, officially announced
Thursday, it could become much closer
to the norm for women in U.S. uniforms.
As Sergeant Pearsall tells the story,
her vehicle came under intense fire that
day in 2007, near the city of Baquba. The
male soldiers in her carrier had already
dashed out to join the fight, so she
jumped onto the machine gun and
began returning fire.
Outside a soldier lay unconscious.
Sergeant Pearsall opened the rear door
and crawled to the man, who was 6-foot-
2, or 1.88 meters, and more than 200
pounds, or 90 kilograms, twice her
weight. From behind him, she clasped
him in a bear hug and dragged him to-
ward the vehicle. She fell once, then
again. Somehow, she hauled him into
the armored safety of the carrier.
After tearing off his protective vest,
she realized his carotid artery had been
torn by shrapnel. As blood spurted all
over, she closed her eyes, stuck her fin-
gers into his neck and squeezed. He
screamed, and she thanked the heav-
ens. He was still kicking.
What happened next seemed almost
cinematic. Emerging from a purplish
NORWAY, PAGE 3
BRIGHT HORIZONS FOR ENI
The Italian oil group is feeling upbeat in
the wake of its natural gas discoveries
off the coast of Mozambique.
PAGE 8
RAMAPHOSA, PAGE 4
MILITARY, PAGE 5
BUSINESS
Scouring the globe for value
With Europe in a sharp slowdown and
the United States forging only a slow
recovery, a number of countries are
stepping forward at theWorld Economic
Forum to peddle their tales, even if
betting on emerging markets continues
to be a risky proposition.
PAGE 8
How was 787’s battery chosen?
Boeing has long been dogged by
suspicions that in return for awarding
major contracts to Japanese companies,
like the one for the Dreamliner’s
batteries, the country’s airlines buy
Boeing aircraft almost exclusively,
James B. Stewart writes.
PAGE 8
PAGE TWO
Overqualified in China
Millions of people in China graduate
from university every year, but they
see factory work as below them and
struggle to find jobs in an economy that
is still dominated by blue-collar
industries.
VIEWS
No to an Afghan write-off
The United States and its allies can help
chart a way ahead for Afghanistan and
correct the corrosive sense of
uncertainty. The military drawdown
must not mean a write-off.
PAGE 6
Paul Krugman
The fading of the deficit hysteria means
that President Barack Obama can now
turn his focus to the country’s more
pressing problems. And that’s a move
in the right direction.
PAGE 7
ONLINE
A dysfunctional U.S. partner
A battle for Diabaly was the latest in
a string of humiliating defeats for an
army that the United States once hoped
would be a model for fighting Islamic
extremism in one of the most
forbidding regions of the world.
Instead, it is a weak, dysfunctional
force that is as much a cause of Mali’s
crisis as a potential part of the solution.
global.nytimes.com/africa
AMR NABIL/THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
WORLDNEWS
Cairo anniversary
Police on Friday as protesters, angry at the new Islamist
government, marked two years since the popular uprising at Tahrir Square.
PAGE 4
30-month term in C.I.A. leak
The first C.I.A. officer to face prison for
disclosing classified information was
sentenced to 30 months in prison.
PAGE 5
U.S. quits forum with Russia
The United States is withdrawing from
a bilateral Russian-American working
group on civil society.
PAGE 3
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SATURDAY-SUNDAY, JANUARY 26-27, 2013
INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE
page two
A ceremony
that spelled
evolution
Asdatafrom theelection last No-
vembershowed, if you are a woman,or
black orbrown,orgay,ornot Chris-
tian, you’re more likely to taketothis
vision of America as multiplicity. But,
as the country has seen time and again,
millions ofpeoplewill not taketoit, will
instead feel threatened and excluded
by all thetalk of inclusion.
In parts of America where demo-
graphic and social change have been
slowerincoming,that inaugural stage
can symbolize an ominousfuture: the
UnitedStates as an increasingly cen-
trifugal nation, madeup of tribes spin-
ning everfurtherfromacenter of
sharedculture and values.On the polit-
ical right, there is an anxietyabout its
becoming a nationdefinedby‘‘victim-
ization’’ and by ‘‘lifestyle choices’’ —
by the 47 percentwho don’t pay federal
incometax, by Americans arbitrarily
deciding what heritagetoclaim,
gender to identify as, sexuality to pur-
sue, religion to practice and family
structure, if any,toadopt. (That many
of these may not, in fact, be choicesis
considered irrelevant.)
The rainbow coalition, as so many
calleditthis pastweek, has itsinternal
contradictions, too. Mr.Obama’scoali-
tionis, in someways, acoalition of the
insufficiently enfranchised. But shared
exclusiondoesn’t resolve the many
tensions among the members: between
religious African-Americans and gays,
whowanttoframetheir cause as the
next civil rightsstruggle; between un-
ion workers and the Hispanic immi-
grants whom theyregard as depress-
ing their wages; between the young,
who’dbenefit frominvestment in edu-
cation and new industries, and theold,
whowant scarce federal money to
shoreup their pensionfunds.
A furthercomplicationisthatthis
massive internal shift in demographics
—thevery real arc from‘‘Mad Men’’
to that inaugural stage—coincides
with the realities ofaglobalizing era, in
which jobs flee to far-off places and a
formerCommunist backwater like
China is suddenly calledareplacement
superpower. Globalization has a tend-
ency to make people feelacted-uponby
distant, intangible forces. If you’re
among thosewho feel alienatedbythat
colorful inaugural stage, you might find
yourself projecting yourfrustration
overallthe changesyou can’t see onto
people likeMr.Obama,whoembody
those changes that you can.
About globalization Mr.Obama spoke
only passingly atthe inauguration. It
might seemacurious omission, given
the immense challengeofcompetitive-
ness thattheUnitedStates faces. But
he did argue that asociety that protects
itspeople nourishes the most avid risk-
taking,while calling for the kind of edu-
cation system that allowsacountry to
find and harness itsbesttalent.
Ascitizens ofatolerant, hardwork-
ing, many-huedcountry,the president
said, ‘‘We are made for this moment.’’
But the plain emphasis was onsocial
justice, not economic dynamism.
Whether that pursuitofjustice fosters
such dynamism or inhibitsit, whether
itunites America orintensifiesitsdi-
vides —these arethings we’ll know
only when Mr.Obama, already grayer
afterfouryears, is all salt and no pep-
per up there.
Join an online conversation at
Twitter.com/anandwrites
Anand
Giridharadas
CURRENTS
NEW YORK
Forameasureofhow the
UnitedStates has changedintwo gen-
erations,think about this:Mostof the
eminences who spokeorperformedat
President Barack Obama’s inaugura-
tion would probably not have been able
to land an advertising jobatthe fiction-
al agency portrayed on thetelevision
series‘‘Mad Men.’ ’
Not Mr.Obama, since he’s black and
his middle name is Hussein. Not Sena-
tor CharlesE. Schumer,who’sJewish.
Not Myrlie Evers-Williams,who gave
the invocation,orBeyoncé Knowles,
who sang, becausethey’re both black
and female. Speaking offemale, not
Kelly Clarkson,the singer — nor
Justice Sonia Sotomayor of the Su-
preme Court, who, as a Hispanic,would
have beendoubly problematic. Speak-
ing of Hispanic, not the Rev. Luis Leon
— nor the inaugural poet, Richard
Blanco, who is bothCuban-blooded and
gay.
Reactions to the inaugurationhave
dwelled on Mr.Obama’s ringing de-
fenseofmodern liberalism. But the
theater of the day was at least as
telling as the speeches.
The ceremony seemeddesigned to
expand, complicate, tie-dyethevery
definition of American,while suggest-
ing an underlying unity. It celebrated,
without explicitly announcing, a chan-
ging of the cultural guard—thetransi-
tion to acountry no longerlorded over
by thewhite, the male, the heterosexu-
al,theProtestant, the native-born and
the native English-speaking.
Many things about the day evokeda
nation passing into new hands —the
peopleonstage and Mr.Obama’sad-
dress,tobe sure, but alsothe smaller
gestures and moments.
You could see it in the faces on the
National Mall, packed withpeoplewho,
atthe nation’sfounding,would have
been thought, onaccountof their pig-
ment, fit forlittle morethan hard labor
or slavery.Youcould hear itwhen Mr.
Obama becamethe first presidentto
utter ‘‘gay’’ at an inauguration, and
spokeof a 1969 raid on a gay bar in
sanctifying language normally re-
servedforbattlefields like Lexington
and Normandy.Youcould feelitwhen
Justice Sotomayor, aherotomany His-
panics, received the kind ofcheers that
Supreme Court justices simply don’t
get. Or when the gay poet said that
Americans live beneath‘‘one sky’’ and
switched his accenttopronounce ‘‘Col-
orado’’ in Spanish.
PHOTOGRAPHS BY FORBES CONRAD FOR THE NEWYORK TIMES
Wang Zengsong, right, looking at job postings in Guangzhou. Mr. Wang, a college graduate, will not consider applying for a factory job because he thinks doing so is beneath him.
Assem
bly line? No, thanks
workers.Plenty ofcollege graduatesap-
ply forjobs atthe company, but theyare
not desperate enough to accept blue-
collar tasks, said Ni Bingbing,the com-
pany’s vice general manager.
Oneunusual social dynamic created
by theone-child policy is that many col-
lege graduatesareonly children with
parents and grandparentswho continue
to nurturetheminto adulthood.
That is howMr.Wang hasmanaged to
get by formostof the lastthree years
without ajob. Despite some grumbling,
his parentssend himmoney to help sup-
portthemodest lifestyle he lives out ofa
small but tidy studio apartment.
As was commoninrural China until
very recently, his mothernever wentto
school while his fatherattended ele-
mentary schoolforseveral years before
dropping out. Now in their 60s, his par-
ents had to give up their rice farmwhen
the local government redeveloped the
land itwas on;Mr.Wang’sfatherdoes
odd jobs as a construction worker to
help support his son.
Not surprisingly,Mr.Wang’s parents
have urged him to takeoneof the many
factory jobs available. ‘‘You can get paid
4,000 renminbi a monthfor taking such
work, but I wouldn’t do it,’’ Mr.Wang
said. ‘‘You
r hands are dirty, you’re all
dirty. It’snot forme.’’
Young college graduates likeMr.
Wang do not want factory jobs even
though companies increasingly offer
blue-collar workers the kinds ofbenefits
that many white-collar workers could
not aspiretountil recently.
TALGroup, a large manufacturer of
high-end shirts withheadquarters in
Hong Kong, not only air-conditions its
sprawling shirt factory in southeastern
China — something many U.S. factories
still do not do—but it has even openeda
library with 0 Internet-connected
desktopcomputers for employees to
use after work.
Ashundreds of thousands of factories
have opened across the country over
the past decade, theyhave struggled to
find workers who can operate their
complicated equipment, much less fix it.
Yet the number of those receiving voca-
tional training has stagnated to the
pointthattheyare now outnumbered
roughly twotoone by studentspursuing
more academic courses ofstudy.
‘‘We have jobs and positions forwhich
skilled workers cannot be found, and on
theother hand,wehave talentedpeople
who cannot find jobs;technical and vo-
cational education and training is the
answer,’ ’ said LuXin,thevice minister
of education, at aconference in June.
China’s vocational secondary schools
and training programs areunpopular
becausetheyare seenasdead ends,
with virtually no chanceofmoving on to
afour-year university. They also suffer
fromastigma: Theyare seen as schools
forpeople frompeasant backgrounds
and are seldomchosenbymore affluent
and better-educated tudents om
towns and cities.
Many youths fromrural areas who
graduate fromcollege, likeMr.Wang,
are also hostiletofactory jobs.
He is toying with otherideas to earn a
living but learning vocational skills is
not oneof them.One ideahe has is to
buy rabbitsfrom wholesalers in the
countryside, set out amat along a
Guangzhou street and sell the animals
as pets orfood.
‘‘I’mnot afraid of hard work; it’s the
lack ofstatus,’ ’ he said. ‘‘The moreedu-
catedpeople are, the less they wantto
work in a factory.’ ’
GUANGZHOU
Chinese graduates shun
factory work, hoping for
even low-level office jobs
BY KEITH BRADSHER
This city of 15 million on thePearl River
is the hub of a manufacturing region
where factories makeeverything from
T-shirts and shoes to auto parts,tablet
computers and solar panels.Many fac-
toriesare desperate for workers, de-
spite offering double-digit annual pay
increases and improvedbenefits.
Wang Zengsong is desperate fora
steady job. He has been unemployedfor
mostof thethree years since he gradu-
atedfromacommunitycollege here
aftergrowing up on a rice farm.Mr.
Wang, 24, has worked only several
months at a time in low-paying jobs,once
asashopping mall guard, another time
asarestaurantwaiter andmost recently
as an office building securityguard.
But hewill not consider applying fora
full-time factory jobbecauseMr.Wang,
asacollege graduate, thinks that is be-
neath him. Instead, he searches every
day foranoffice job,whichwould initially
payaslittle as a third of factory wages.
‘‘I have never and willneverconsider
a factory job —what’s the pointofsit-
ting there hourafterhour, doing repetit-
ive work?’’ he asked.
Millions ofrecent college graduatesin
China likeMr.Wang, 24, are asking the
same question. The result is an anom-
aly: Jobs go begging in factories while
many educatedyoung workers areun-
employed or underemployed.Anation-
al survey of urban residents, released
this winterbyaChineseuniversity,
showed that among youths in their
early 20s,thosewithacollege degree
were four timesaslikely to beunem-
ployedasthosewith only an elementary
school education.
It is a problem that Chineseofficials
are acutely awareof.
‘‘There is a structural mismatch—on
theone hand,the factories cannot find
skilled labor, and on theother hand the
universitiesproduce students who do
not wantthe jobs available,’’ said Ye Zhi-
hong, adeputysecretary general of
China’sEducationMinistry.
China’sswiftexpansionineducation
over the last decade, including a quad-
rupling of the number ofcollege gradu-
ates each year, has created millions of
engineers and scientists. The best can
have their pick of obs at Chinese
companies that are aiming to become
evenmore competitive globally.
But China is also churning out mil-
lions ofgraduates withfew marketable
skills, coupled withaconviction that
theyareentitled to office jobs withre-
spectable salaries.
Partof the problemseems to be apro-
liferation of fairly narrow majors —Mr.
Wang has a three-year associate degree
in the design of offices and trade show
booths.Atthe sametime, business and
economics majors are rapidly gaining fa-
vor onChinese campusesattheexpense
of majors likeengineering, contributing
to the glut ofgraduateswithlittle interest
in soiling their hands on factory floors.
‘‘This also has to dowith the banking
sector —they offer high-paying jobs, so
their parentswanttheir children to go in
this direction,’ ’ Ms.Yesaid.
Mr.Wang and otheryoung,educated
Chinesewithout steady jobs pose apo-
Mr. Wang in his neighborhood in Guangzhou. Despite some grumbling, his parents send
himmoney to help support the modest lifestyle he lives out of a small studio apartment.
Educated and jobless
Reluctant to take factory jobs, young college graduates in China are more likely
to be unemployed than less-educated youths.
Urban unemployment rate for Chinese 21- to 25-year-olds*
EDUCATION LEVEL
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
4.2%
Elementary school and below
Junior high school
8.1%
ONLINE:
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Kissinger to Davos: Political threats abound
‘‘Kissinger has always posed as a ‘statesman.’ Yet he was an architect of one
of the most brutal of all war regimes, the carpet bombings of Vietnam, Laos
& Cambodia . . . Any advice from a man of his reputation should be spurned.’’
LAURENCE SVIRCHEV—VANCOUVER, CANADA
ihtrendezvous.com
High school and vocational school
8.2%
Junior college/polytechnic
11.3%
Bachelor’s degree and above
16.4%
*The number of people who are working, divided by available labor force, including people
actively looking for work but excluding students and others not looking for work.
Source: China Household Finance Survey at Southwestern University
of Finance and Economics in Chengdu
tential long-term challengetosocial sta-
bility. Theyspend long hours surfing the
Internet, getting together with friends
and complaining about the shortageof
office jobs for which theybelieve they
weretrained.
China now has 11 timesasmanycol-
lege studentsasit did atthetimeof the
TiananmenSquare protestsinthe
spring of 1989, and an economy that has
been very slow to producewhite-collar
jobs. The youngergeneration has
shownless interest in political activism,
although that could change if the grow-
ing numbers ofgraduates cannot find
satisfying work.
PrimeMinister Wen Jiabao acknowl-
edgedinMarch thatonly 78percentof
the previousyear’scollege graduates
had found jobs. But even that figure
may overstate employment
studentsare accustomed to seeing
themselvesasbecoming partofanelite
when they entercollege,’’ she said.
China has a millenniums-old Con-
fucian traditioninwhich educated
people do not engage in manual labor.
But its economy still largely produces
blue-collar jobs.Manufacturing, mining
and constructionrepresent47percent
of China’s economic output, twicetheir
share in theUnitedStates, and the ser-
vice sector is far less developed.
The glut ofcollege graduatesiserod-
ing wages evenfor thosewithmore
marketable majors, like computer sci-
ence. But if Mr.Wang werewilling to
take a factory job, his interest in indoor
design mighttake him to Hongyuan
Furniture, a manufacturer ofhome
saunas a 45-minute drive south across
Guangzhou from his home.
The factory now offers newcomers
2,500 renminbi a month, about $400, be-
fore overtime. Six-persondorm rooms
have beenreplaced with two-person
apartments.
The company’s laborcostsper work-
er —wagesplusbenefits — have been
rising 30 percentormoreeach year.
That is faster than the national paceof
21 percent for migrantworkers, al-
though there have been signs thatthat
pace may have slowedrecently witha
broaderdecelerationinthe Chinese
economy.And it is considerably faster
than the 13 percent annual increase in
minimum wages — roughly three times
inflation —thatthe government has
mandated through 2015.
Yet the factory still struggles to find
IN OUR PAGES
✴
100, 75, 50 YEARS AGO
1913 Aviator Flies Across the Alps
Leaving Brigue on the strokeofnoon
yesterday [Jan. 25], M. Jean Bielovucic
flew over the snow-capped Alps to Do-
modossola, in Italian territory, in the
quick timeof twenty-six minutes, landing
safely closetothe spot where Chavez met
with his fatal accident. Between150 and
200 peoplewere present at noon whenM.
Bielovucic raised his hand as a signal to
his assistants to let gothe aeroplane. The
machine roseeasily and described two
wide circlesinorder to attain sufficient
altitude, after whichM. Bielovucic
steeredstraight for themountains. The
arrival of the aviatorat Domodossola
arousedgreatenthusiasm, andarecep-
tion was givenfor him by the Italian Un-
der-Secretary ofState for the Interior.
1938 A Rare Aurora Borealis
Anaurora borealis brightenedEuropean
skies last night[Jan. 25] and shamed
thoseultra-modern facilities ofcommer-
cial and beamwireless and thetrans-At-
lantic telephone, to say nothing ofshort-
wave entertainment broadcasts, by si-
lencing them. The phenomenon was
seen in Britain, France, Switzerland,
Austria, and Germany and doubtless
othercountries which have not yet re-
cordedit in dispatches. Itwas an eerie
spectacle for voyagers at sea and some-
what disconcerting to those in a hurry
for radio service. Members of the faculty
at Grenoble said itwasamoving aurora
borealis ofrare intensity and compara-
bletoonethatwas seenat Copenhagen
in 1709. Sometimesintense and some-
times fading, it lastedforseveral hours.
1963 Protests in 3 Iranian Cities
TEHRAN
Iranian workers and peasants
demonstratedinthe capital and two oth-
ercities today [Jan. 25] againstopposi-
tion to the Shah’sreferendumonsweep-
ing national reforms. The referendumis
scheduledfor tomorrow. Some landlords,
religiousleaders and theoppositionNa-
tional Front party opposethe referen-
dum,which seeks popular approval of
such reforms as land distribution, factory
profit-sharing and new laws to prevent
election rigging and to decrease illiteracy.
An estimated25,000 workers and farmers
demonstratedinTehran’s largeAmajdieh
sportsstadium. Therewere also demon-
strations inMeshed and Tabriz.
for the
young and educated.
Yin Weimin,the minister ofhuman re-
sources and social security, said in a
speech last spring that ‘‘the major em-
phasiswill beonsolving theemployment
problemamong college graduates.’ ’
Mr.Wang is the youngestoffour chil-
dren. Hewas born in late 1987, as the
‘‘one child policy’’ was barely begin-
ning to beenforcedinrural areas. His
less-educated siblings have also been
leery of taking well-paid factory jobs.
Anaversion to factory laboriscommon
in China today, said Mary E. Gallagher, a
specialist in Chinese laborissues and the
director of the Centerfor Chinese Studies
attheUniversity of Michigan.
‘‘Students themselveshave not adjus-
ted to the conceptof mass education, so
 ....
World N
ews
SATURDAY-SUNDAY, JANUARY 26-27, 2013
|
3
THE GLOBAL EDITION OF THE NEW YORK TIMES
europe asia
BRIEFLY
Europe
U.S. quits
civil society
joint forum
with Russia
LONDON
U.N. panel will investigate
counterterrorist drone strikes
A prominent British human rightslaw-
yer has said that a U.N. panelhe leads
will investigate what he called the ‘‘ex-
ponential rise’’ in drone strikes usedin
counterterroristoperations, ‘‘witha
view to determining whether there is a
plausible allegation of unlawful killing.’ ’
The lawyer, Ben Emmerson, special
investigatorfor theU.N. Human Rights
Council, said at anewsconference
Thursday thatthe nine-monthstudy
would lookat ‘‘drone strikes and other
forms ofremotely targeted killing.’ ’
The immediate focus,Mr. Emmerson
said,will beon25selecteddrone strikes
thatwere conductedinrecent years in
Afghanistan,Pakistan,Yemen, Somalia
and thePalestinian territories. That
puts the panel’sspotlighton theUnited
States, Britain and Israel,the nations
that have conducteddrone attacks in
those areas, but Mr. Emmerson said the
inquiry would not be singling out the
UnitedStates oranyothercountries.
ROME
In comeback bid, Berlusconi
pledges to end property tax
Silvio Berlusconi vowed Friday to
scrap Italy’sproperty tax in his first
cabinet meeting if his coalition was
elected,zeroing in onItalians’ deep
distaste for thetax reimposedbyMario
Monti’sgovernment.
The former prime minister outlined
his latest ‘‘contract’’ withItalians as he
pressed his comeback bid, promising a
hostofreforms, incentives and mea-
sures to give relief to Italians suffering
through a deeprecession and youth un-
employment at arecord 37 percent.
Mr. Berlusconi’s PeopleofFreedom
party and itsalliesare currently trail-
ing the centerleft in polls about 27 per-
centto38 percent. Mr.Monti’scivic
movement is garnering about 14 per-
cent.
(AP)
WARSAW
3 bills granting legal rights
to unmarried couples rejected
Polish lawmakers rejected three sepa-
rate draft laws Friday thatwere inten-
ded to give legal rights to unmarried
couples, including same-sex ones.
PrimeMinisterDonald Tusk appealed
to the lawmakers to turn the draftsinto
law and makethe lives of ‘‘many Poles,
also homosexual, more dignified.’ ’ The
draft laws were intended to guarantee
inheritance, access to informationabout
a partner’shealth and alimony.
The lowerhouse, orSejm, voted
against all the drafts,oneof which
came fromMr. Tusk’sgoverning cen-
ter-liberal Civic Platform party. Its fail-
ure came asasurprise, as itwas be-
lievedacceptabletoPoles,who are
mostly Catholic. Theotherdraftscame
from the Democratic LeftAlliance and
from the gay-rights Palikot Movement.
Proponents can bring furtherdrafts to
Parliament.
(AP)
LONDON
Gay marriage bill goes to Parliament
The British government published a bill
to legalize same-sex marriageon Friday
and said lawmakers would get their first
vote onit in Parliament next month. The
bill extends marriagetogay couplesbut
exemptsclergy in the Church of Eng-
land,the country’s establishedchurch,
fromhaving to carry out the ceremo-
nies.
(AP)
MOSCOW
BY ELLEN BARRY
TheUnitedStatesiswithdrawing from
a bilateral Russian-American working
group oncivil society, a three-year-old
projectthatembodied the spiritof the
‘‘reset’’ between Washington and Mos-
cow, in answer to Russia’srecent crack-
down oncivil societygroups.
The ‘‘civil society working group’’
was oneof20 groups convenedin2009
as partof Washington’sconcertedpush
to repair relationswith theKremlin. The
two countries embarked onaseries of
bilateral projects, including cooperation
on Iran and Afghanistan, and the sign-
ing ofanew nuclear treaty.
But relations between the two gov-
ernmentshave comeunder increasing
strain over the last year, as Vladimir V.
Putin returned to the presidency accus-
ing U.S.officials ofstirring up dissent in
Russia. Nonprofit groups have comeun-
der particular pressure, as lawmakers
passednew lawsseverely restricting
foreign financing, requiring them to
register as ‘‘foreign agents,’ ’ and ex-
panding the definition of high treason to
include assisting foreign organizations.
On Friday, Thomas O. Melia,the
deputy assistant secretary ofstate for
democracy, human rights and labor,
said in a statementthatthe decision to
withdraw from the civil society working
groupwasmade ‘‘in lightofrecent steps
takenbythe Russian governmenttoim-
pose restrictions oncivil society.’ ’
Mr.Melia said thatthe group wasabi-
lateral project ‘‘designed to foster the de-
velopmentofcivil society,’ ’ and that new
restrictions imposedinrecent months
‘‘calledinto seriousquestion whether
maintaining that mechanism was either
useful or appropriate,’’ according to a
copy of the statement, providedbythe
U.S. Embassy inMoscow.
The fraying of the bilateral coopera-
tion escalatedduring political cam-
paigns in bothcountries and accelerated
witharecent legislative tit for tat. After
theU.S. Congress passed theMagnitsky
Act, aprovisionpunishing Russian offi-
cials who are accused ofhuman rights
violations, Russia bannedalladoptions
ofRussian childrenbyAmerican famil-
ies and barredU.S. financing ofnonprofit
organizations seenaspolitically active.
Dmitri S.Peskov, Mr. Putin’sspokes-
man, said he regretted theU.S. decision,
but he playeddownits importance.
‘‘It means nothing, actually,’ ’ he said.
‘‘We deeply regret thatwe’vebeende-
prived of oneof the formats of dialogue,
without compensating its absencewith
anewone. We arevery sorry about that.
It’snegative forboth Moscow and
Washington.’ ’ But he said it did not pose
agreat loss,especially because Russia
insisted that itsdomestic affairs should
not be subjecttointernational scrutiny.
The commission, likethe reset policy
itself, had comeundermuch criticism
fromRussian activists, many of whom
complained thatWashington had
lesseneditspressure overhuman rights
because itwas pursuing strategic goals.
‘‘In practice, it has turned out that hu-
man rights and the ruleoflaw and de-
mocracy have all but disappearedfrom
the agenda in theU.S.-Russia dialogue,’’
said Yuri Dzhibladze, presidentof the
CenterforDevelopmentofDemocracy
andHumanRights, aMoscow-basedad-
vocacy group. Theworking group, he
said, had become ‘‘a symbolic anatomy
of the failureof the reset policy.’ ’
PHOTOGRAPHS BY KYRRE LIEN FOR THE NEWYORK TIMES
The Mongstad refinery had four people at the petroleum complex in Algeria at the time of the attack. Two made it back safely; another was declared dead Friday. One is still missing.
Norway reconsiders foreign oil
NORWAY, FROMPAGE 1
don’t have to go abroad as they did be-
fore,’’ said Thina Margrethe Saltvedt,
an oil analyst at Nordea Bank. ‘‘We’re
still little people in the big world.’’
Eveniftheyarewilling to takethe
risks,the increasedcostofdoing busi-
ness may keep safety-consciouscompa-
niesaway.
‘‘Western companies will pull out and
other ountries’ companies, like
Chinese, Indian andRussian companies,
will replacethem,’ ’ saidHenrik Thune, a
seniorresearcheratthe Norwegian In-
stitute ofInternational Affairs in Oslo.
Politicians and business leaders have
thus far takenastrong stance, saying
theywill not be intimidatedbyacts of vi-
olence. Many others are not so sure.
‘‘If we have enough oil, here
shouldn’t be reason to send people over
there,’’ said Kim Vagenes, 22,who
works atthe local hardware store here
in Austrheim. The municipality,witha
population ofjust 2,850, is the hometown
of oneof those pronounceddead and one
still missing. ‘‘Ofcourse, theoil compa-
nies want as much oil as theycanget.’’
The discovery of oil in the Ekofisk
field in 1969 by Phillips Petroleumis
generally considered the momentthat
changedNorway’s uture. In 1972,
Statoil was founded through a unani-
mousactof Parliament. Statoil remains
majority-ownedbythe government but
operatesasafor-profit company.
The influx ofmoneymeans Norwegi-
ans now enjoy higher-than-average life
expectancy and cleaner air, and are
more satisfied with their lives,than
most people from other industrialized
countries, according to theOrganiza-
tionforEconomic Cooperation and De-
velopment. World Bank figuresshow
Norway’s economic output perperson
to be morethan twicewhat it is in the
UnitedStates.
Austrheim’smayor,PerLeroy, 55,un-
derstands just howmuch the petroleum
industry has meanttothe region.
‘‘Go back 100 years and the areanorth
ofBergen was oneof the poorest in
Europe,’’ Mr. Leroy said. ‘‘Now it’s one
of the richest.’’
Asayoung man Mr. Leroyassumed
hewould go into the shipping business,
but construction on theMongstad re-
finery began just afterhe finished high
school. ‘‘Theoptimism came back to the
people,’’ he said. ‘‘Theymoved back,
built new houses.’ ’
Whereoncetherewere fishermen,
today there aretheoperators,techni-
cians, mechanics and engineers who
power the petroleum industry. Theun-
employment rate in Austrheim averages
less than2percent. The development has
quite literally connected this partof the
Hordaland region to theworld. Itused to
bethree hours by boattothe regional hub
ofBergen. Now ittakesjustone hourby
car with the bridgesbuiltwith oil money.
But moneyisnot as important as
safety to workers,especially thosewith
families to provide for like TomHella,
35, from thetown of Radoy.Mr. Hella
said that he first noticed the risks he
was taking when an armedguard was
stationed outside his office in Angola in
2008.
‘‘A simple little Norwegian man from
thewest coast isn’t supposed to spend
the night in a placewith a machine gun
outsidethe door,’ ’ Mr. Hella said. ‘‘You
are not just a travelerintheoil busi-
ness; sometimesyou aretraveling in an
invisiblewar zone.’’
Mr. Hella works as an oil-drilling op-
eratorboth onshore and offshore. He
forNorwegian societyasthe massacre
in 2011 at Utoya Island,whichwas a last-
ing collective trauma the nationisstill
recovering from. But those murders did
not raisethe kinds ofpolicy questions
thattheeventsinAlgeria do in a coun-
try withanoutsize influence in and
profit from theworld of energy.
While many European countriesare
struggling undergrowing debt burdens,
thanks to itspetroleumreservesNor-
wayhasasovereign wealthfund with
about 3.7 trillionNorwegian kroner,or
about $670 billion,toprotect itsfuture.
Norwegians enjoy universal health
care, subsidizedpublic universities that
are almost free to attend and a generous
social security system.
Theeventsat In Amenas could accel-
erate a trend toward focusing on safer
projects. Statoil already announced last
year that itwould sell itsstake in a giant
oil field in Iraq to the Russian company
Lukoil.
In thewakeof theepisode, adebate
broke out in the Norwegian media over
whether ornot Statoil and otherNorwe-
gian companiesshould operate in high-
risk areas. Helge Ryggvik, a historian
and oil researcher,told the daily Dag-
savisen that Norwegian oil companies
should withdraw from risky countries.
In April 2010, Russian and Norwegian
leaders finally resolveda40-year dis-
pute overhow to dividethe BarentsSea
and partof theArctic Ocean,opening
anotherfrontierinoil and natural gas
exploration. Newer technologieshave
meantthatexisting reserves will re-
main productive foryears to come,
while recent discoverieshave increased
optimism that local production will re-
main strong fordecades.
‘‘Maybethey won’t pull out, but they
‘‘You are not just a traveler
in the oil business; sometimes
you are traveling in an
invisible war zone.’’
works for the drilling-technology com-
pany AGR, an international service pro-
viderheadquarteredinNorway. He has
a wife and three children. He has
worked abroad for the last 12 years, in-
cluding in Angola and Azerbaijan.
‘‘This incident reallymakesyou think
more closely about what you’re doing
and the risks you’retaking,’ ’ Mr. Hella
said of the attack in Algeria. ‘‘The mis-
susjust said thatthat’sit. After this she
won’t let metravelanymore.’’
But many expertssaythattheeffect
would beonly temporary.
‘‘Some may shy away from assign-
mentsincountries with high risk fora
whiletocome,’’ said Helge Kristof-
fersen, partneratthe recruiting firm
Mosaique. ‘‘But we quickly forget.’’
Chris Cottrell contributed reporting from
Berlin.
The oil refinery at Mongstad, located near
Austrheim, is the largest in Norway.
BRIEFLY
Asia
China softens
tone with Japan on islands
Russia protesters are attacked
as anti-gay bill p
asses, 388 to 1
China Sea onanalmost daily basis in the
last several months. Recently, both
sideshave scrambled fighter etsin
whatWashingtonconsidered a danger-
ous escalation of the dispute overis-
lands knownasthe Diaoyu in China and
the Senkaku in Japan.
In their meeting Friday,Mr.Yamagu-
chi,thehead of the junior party in Japan’s
new coalitiongovernment, delivereda
letter to Mr.Xifrom the Japanese prime
minister, Shinzo Abe, thaturged high-
level talks betweenTokyo and Beijing,
the Japanese newsmedia reported.
In a statement aftermeeting Mr.Xi,
Mr.Yamaguchi alsoexpressedmodera-
tion. ‘‘We would liketoimprove ourfu-
ture relations,’ ’ he said. ‘‘We believeMr.
Xi’sintenttoseriously consider high-
level talks reflects his desire forim-
provedrelations.’ ’
The New Komeito Party,which Mr.
Yamaguchi heads, has had longstand-
ing ties with China and is generally
looked uponfavorably in China. In the
Japanese political context, the partyis
consideredpro-China. Its electoral base
comesfromaBuddhistorganization.
Mounting nationalism in bothcoun-
tries has fanned tensions that hark back
to the long history ofconflict between
China and Japan and to bittermemories
from World War II,when Japan occu-
pied partof China.
The administration of President
Barack Obama,worriedabout acolli-
sioninthe sea or the air that could lead
to confrontation, has askedboth sides to
cool the situation.Atthe sametime,
Washington has made clear thatthe
mutual defensetreatybetween Japan
and theUnitedStates would coveranat-
tack on the islands,which could lead to
U.S. military involvement.
Inastriking backward glancetothe
opening of diplomatic relations between
China and Japan in 1972,Mr.Xi said that
‘‘liketheoldergeneration ofleaders,we
should show asenseofnational and his-
torical responsibility and political wis-
dom, overcomethe difficulties in bilat-
eral
BEIJING
The attack on Friday outsidethe State
Duma was the second display of vio-
lence against gays rightsadvocates this
pastweekinMoscow, and there have
been similar incidents elsewhere. On
Tuesday, agroup ofseveral dozenmen
kicked and punchedagroup ofabout 10
men and women whowere demonstrat-
ing againstthe proposedlegislation, as
press and policeofficers watched.
The bill must be approvedbythe
Duma two moretimesbefore being sent
to theupper chamber,the Federation
Council.
In a brief telephone interview, Yelena
Kostyuchenko, areporter with the
newspaperNovaya Gazeta,who has
protested the measure, calledit ‘‘cruel
and senseless.’ ’ Ms. Kostyuchenko had
water throwninher face as she started
to kiss her girlfriend,Ana Anenkova, as
partof the demonstration againstthe
bill. They were arrestedbythe police
and held at alocal precinct forseveral
hours before being released, she said.
Ms. Kostyuchenko said shewas
grateful to agroup ofsupporters who
tried to stand between the gay rightsad-
vocates and the attackers throwing
eggs and paint. OnTuesday, she said
Ms.Anenkova was beatenbyoneof
these attackers and theyfiledapolice
report; the same man appeared outside
the Duma on Friday but she said police
officers declined to arrest him.
Beijing leader’s remarks
to Japanese politician
emphasize ‘larger picture’
MOSCOW
BY DAVIDM. HERSZENHORN
While Russian lawmakers debated a bill
thatwould outlaw ‘‘homosexual propa-
ganda,’ ’ nationalist and religiousdem-
onstrators on Friday attackedgay
rightsadvocates who had gathered out-
sidethe lowerhouseof Parliamentto
protestthe legislation.
The attackers, some singing religious
hymns, hurled eggs and paint atthe gay
rightsadvocates, and shouted‘‘Moscow
is not Sodom!’’ Two women who began
to kiss had water thrownintheir faces.
In response, critics of the bill shouted:
‘‘Fascism will not pass!’’ and ‘‘Moscow
is not Iran!’’ Skirmishesbroke out, and
the police arrestedabout 20 people,
mostof themfromamong the gay rights
advocates whowere accused ofdemon-
strating without apermit.
Inside, lawmakers voted 388 to 1infa-
vor of the bill,whichwouldmake it afed-
eral crime in Russia to distribute ‘‘ho-
mosexual propaganda’’ with violations
punishable by fines of up to $16,000. One
lawmaker abstained. Similar lawshave
been approvedbyanumber ofregions
and municipalities, including in St.
Petersburg where supporters of the
city’srestriction tried unsuccessfully to
use ittobring charges againstthe pop
star Madonna.
SEOUL
North Korea warns South
of ‘physical countermeasures’
NorthKorea threatened on Friday to
take ‘‘physical countermeasures’’
against SouthKoreaifit helps enforce
sanctions againstthe besiegedNorth,
calling theU.N.-endorsedpenaltiesa
‘‘declaration of war’’ and warning ofa
prolonged chill in the relations be-
tween the two countries.
NorthKorea’sconfrontational pos-
turewas likely to significantly limit
roomfor the South’s incoming conser-
vative president, Park Geun-hye, to
make overturesforreconciliation with
the North. Likethe departing President
Lee Myung-bak and President Barack
Obama in theUnitedStates,Ms.Park
considers the dismantling of the
North’snuclear program a premise in
all ofSouthKorea’s diplomacy toward
the North.
While its earlierpronouncements
moreoften than not turned out to be
bluster, NorthKoreadoeshave a his-
tory ofsometimesfollowing up with un-
expected military attacks —most re-
cently, itsshelling ofaborder island in
2010that left fourSouthKoreans dead.
BY JANE PERLEZ
China’sleader,Xi Jinping,offered Japan
aconciliatory tone during a meeting
withasenior Japanese politician Friday,
an apparentefforttoreducetheescalat-
ing tensions between the two countries
over islands in the East China Sea.
In someof his first remarks on
China’sforeign policy since becoming
secretary general of the Communist
PartyinNovember,Mr.Xi told the Jap-
anese politician, Natsuo Yamaguchi,
that ‘‘the Chinese government remains
committed to China-Japan relations,’ ’
according to an account providedbythe
Chinese ForeignMinistry.
Mr.Xi urgedboth sides to ‘‘lookatthe
larger picture’’ and ‘‘push relations for-
ward,’ ’ the Foreign Ministry said, lan-
guage markedly more restrained than
the combative exhortations from mili-
tary officials and the state newsmedia
sincethe dispute over the islands erup-
tedfourmonths ago.
Theencounterbetween Mr.Xi and
Mr.Yamaguchi, in the Great Hall of the
People, came after China and Japan had
sent surveillance ships to the East
relations
and push relations
forward.’ ’
Mr.Xi was clearly referring to the
1972 milestone in Chinese-Japanese re-
lations when PrimeMinister Zhou En-
lai, after talks with his Japanese coun-
terpart, Kakuei Tanaka, said thatthe
two countriesshould shelve the dispute
on the islands forresolutionat another
time. Japan has said it never agreed to
Mr.Zhou’sproposal.
Indeed, Japan insists thatthere is no
needfornegotiations over the sover-
eignty of theuninhabited islands be-
cause from Japan’spointof view the is-
lands belong to Japan. The islands were
returned to Japan by theUnitedStates
in 1972aspartof the agreementthat
transferred Okinawa to Japan.
Makiko Inoue contributed reporting
from Tokyo, and Bree Feng contributed
research fromBeijing.
 ....
4
|
SATURDAY-SUNDAY, JANUARY 26-27, 2013
INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE
world news
africa middle east
Egyptians honor
revolt, 2 ye
ars later
CAIRO
many of them teenagers—had begun to
throw rocks overacement barrierat se-
curityforces massedaround the Interi-
or Ministry, resuming an intermittent
battlethat had begun the day before in
anticipation of the anniversary. The se-
curity officers, as they typically do,
threw back someof the rocks, and
plumes of tear gas sailed overhead.
State media reportedat around 3 p.m.
that fourpeople had been injuredinthe
clashes withsecurityforcesnear the
square, in addition to 25 injured since
the battle began the day before.
Osama Amir, a22-year-old student
walking away from the fight, said he did
not know how it had started or why.
‘‘People have lost confidence in the cen-
tral securityforces, sowhen there is a
chancetobeatthem up,wewill beat
them up,’ ’ he said.
Shortly later, anotherstreet fight
broke out whendemonstrators march-
ing toward the square passed theoffice
of theMuslim Brotherhood and began
to attack itwithrocks.Othercivilians —
itwas unclear whether they were an-
noyedneighbors orBrotherhoodsup-
porters — rushed out to strike back at
the protesters, and a street vendor’s
kiosk was burnedinthe melee.
The Brotherhood, hoping to avoid the
kind of factional clashes that killed10
people in December,urgeditssupport-
ers to stay away from the square and
mark the anniversary withcommunity
service projectsaround the country.
Both the Brotherhood and its oppo-
nentsare now looking ahead to parlia-
mentary elections expected to be held in
April, and critics of the Brotherhood
contended that itscommunityservice
drive was in part an efforttocurry favor
fromneedy voters. Theopposition had
pouredmostofits energy into Friday’s
demonstrations, and its critics said it
was once again wasting its timeon
street protests whilethe Islamists had
already turned their attention to the
more importantelectoral battle.
‘‘It is importantthat people go down
to the square, if fornootherreason than
to remind Egypt, and themselves,that
something really special happeneddur-
ing those 18 days two years ago,’’ said
H.A. Hellyer, aresearcher basedhere
with the Brookings Institution. ‘‘That
energy, however, can’t stay in the
square, and just move peopletobe
there. It’sgot to be channeled.’ ’
But some demonstrators argued that
the public protests were afirst step to-
ward building a more potent political
movementthat might someday coun-
terbalancethe Islamists. ‘‘Nothing tan-
giblewill comeof today, andIdon’t
think anything tangiblewith happen
with theelections,’ ’ saidAymanRoshdy,
57, aretired marketing consultant. ‘‘But
there is hope. What is happening today
is partof the process ofbuilding hope.’’
‘‘The Islamistshave been saying that
theyarethe goodguys,’ ’ he continued.
‘‘Now theyare in control, and theyare
being exposedbythe minute. And we
are building a political movementthat
will help us to produce areasonable
government.’’
Protesters say Islamists
haven’t fulfilled demands
of 2011 demonstrations
BY DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK
Tens of thousands ofEgyptians filled
Tahrir Squareon Friday to mark the
second anniversary of the revoltthat
oustedHosni Mubarak withahuge
protest againstthe political ascendance
of theMuslimBrotherhood.
Therewere paralleldemonstrations
in several otherc ties, and minor
clashesbetweenprotesters and securi-
tyforcesinAlexandria, Cairo and else-
where.
Protesters attimesseemed to be re-
enacting scenesfrom the 18-day revolt
thattoppled Mr.Mubarak two years
ago. The loudest chants were recycled
from the revolution — ‘‘Leave, leave’’
and ‘‘The peoplewantthe fall of the re-
gime.’’ Others were adapted slightly to
focus on the Brotherhood of Islamists,
calling foranend to ‘‘the rule by the su-
preme guide,’’ the Brotherhood’s spir-
itual leader.
Itwas the latest confirmation thatthe
Islamists,who have dominated elec-
tions sinceMr.Mubarak’s ouster, have
not only inherited his presidential
palace but alsothe blame forEgypt’s
myriad problems.
Five months after the Brotherhood’s
candidate, PresidentMohamed Morsi,
tookpowerfromEgypt’sinterim mili-
tary rulers,the demonstrators main
complaintwas thatthe Islamists had
failed to fulfill the demands of theorigi-
nal revolt about social welfareorsocial
justice.
A bannerinthe center of the square
calledfor the repeal of the Islamist-
backedConstitution, passedinreferen-
dum last month,which opponentssay
failed to enshrine iron-clad guarantees
of individual freedoms.
‘‘The Egyptian people had so many
dreams and the reality on the ground is,
everything is still the same,’’ said Mo-
hamed Adl,41, a teacher who carrieda
sign with a handwrittenpoem blaming
the Brotherhoodfor making ‘‘injustice
the guard of ourlives.’ ’
By afternoon in Cairo, afew dozen
protesters atone corner of the square—
SIPHIWE SIBEKO/REUTERS
A memorial service in August at the site where strikers at a platinum plant near Johannesburg were killed by the police. Mr. Ramaphosa is a board member of the mining company.
Mandela’s man, back in politics
RAMAPHOSA, FROMPAGE 1
fourpeoplewere moweddown by a bar-
rageofautomatic-rifle fire.
Mr. Ramaphosa’spolitical enemies
portrayed thosee-mailedpleas for or-
der as an incitementtopolice murder.A
massacrewas prettyclearly not what
Mr. Ramaphosa meant by the lawyer
phrase ‘‘concomitant action,’ ’ and the
accusation did not find many takers in
the ruling party.Until ourinterview in
December,Mr. Ramaphosa was silent
on the massacre, excepttosay that he
would testify atthe investigation and to
announce, through his company,that he
would contribute to the burial costs of
those killed, agesturethat struck some
as suggestive ofaguiltyconscience
rather than noblesseoblige.
The largerstory,though, is not how
the miners diedbut how theylived.One
urgent lesson of Marikana is that de-
mocracy has done littletoreform South
Africa’smost important industry.
Under apartheid, mineworkers lived
in grim hostels withno pastimesbut al-
cohol, pot and hookers.Oneof Rama-
phosa’sproudestvictoriesasaunion
leader was to free workers from those
barracks.Workers were paid ‘‘living-
out allowances’’ to rent civilizedaccom-
modations and let their familiesjoin
them. But the allowancesbecame acase
study in unintendedconsequences.
Rather than rent decent housing, most
workers treated the allowances as a pay
supplement. Theymovedfrom the hos-
tels into cheap shacks and sent alittle
extra homeor used the resttodefray
the costs of a girlfriend.
The local National Union of Mine-
workers stewards, meanwhile, who
were supposed to representthe drillers’
interests, negotiatedsweeterdeals for
themselves — full-time, above-ground
desk work, cars, a say in subcontracting
ofcatering and laundry services (and a
share in the kickbacks).
Mr. Ramaphosa argues that he
killings atMarikana should providethe
political spark forawholesale restruc-
turing of themining industry; arestora-
ti
on of theunions as genuineworker
representatives; and a partnership be-
tween the mine companies,the national
government and the inert municipal au-
thorities to set upsustainable communi-
ties. Forstarters, he suggests that
miners work shortercycles withmore
trips home and that hostels be restored
but made livable.
‘‘Is that possible?’’ he mused. ‘‘I
think it is, and we should begin to exper-
imentonit as quickly as possible, if we
are going to restorethe legitimacy of
mining in the minds and hearts of our
people.’’
Beyond mining,Mr. Ramaphosa is an
author ofanepic new 20-year ‘‘national
development plan,’ ’ draftedfor the gov-
ernment byacommittee ofbusiness-
men and technocrats and ledbya
widely respectedformer finance minis-
ter, Trevor Manuel. Like most such
plans, it is long onpromises and aspira-
tions — ‘‘eliminating’’ povertyby2030,
narrowing inequality, providing univer-
sal health insurance and professionaliz-
ing the police—mostly to be paid for
painlessly, by tripling economic growth
and recapturing the spoils ofcorruption,
in a happy collaboration ofstate and
market. Delivering evenasubstantial
fraction of ts ambitions will entail
pulling hundreds oflevers withadex-
terity that has so far eludedSouth
Africa’srulers.
Formostof the past few centuries,
thereweretwoprevalent methods of
enrichment in Africa: colonial plunder
and indigenousk eptocracy. South
Africa is no stranger to eithermethod,
but Mr. Ramaphosa’s wealthderived
fromanothersource.
As partof the grand bargain by which
whites elinquished
monopoly,the new constitutionprom-
ised an array ofmeasures to introduce
blacks into the landowning, goods-pro-
ducing, profit-sharing market economy.
Somewhite industrialists,especially
in mining,were savvy enough to get in-
to the goodgraces of theA.N.C.early.
Thetenuously collegial relationship
continuedafter liberation. Theterms of
redistributionwere carefullynegotiated
to avoid sabotaging Africa’shealthiest
economy.Over time, therewould be af-
firmative action in hiring and promo-
tions, set-asides ofgovernment con-
tractsfor minoritysuppliers.
In the mining sector,the industry and
the government agreed that by 2014 a
quarter ormoreof thevalue of each
company would be in black hands. Some
creative financing was typically re-
quired.Orasthe political economist
Moeletsi Mbeki, a critic of the system
(and brother of the formerpresident),
put it: ‘‘financial razzmatazz.’’ Mr. Ram-
aphosa set up his holding company in
2001 and began acquiring sharesinways
thatwere pretty typical. Sometimes
Shanduka’sacquisitions were financed
by banks on the bet thatthe loans would
be repaid out ofdividends or rising stock
values. Sometimes Shanduka borrowed
the money directly from the company
whose sharesitwas acquiring.
If the deals were generally structured
to lay the risk on the majority white
shareholders,this was regardedasboth
fair payback forcenturies of oppression.
Throughout his time in the private
sector,Mr. Ramaphosa has remained on
The fastest-growing partyisnot the
A.N.C.or theoppositionDemocratic Al-
liance; it is the party ofnonvoters,the
disillusioned. The message you hear
from thetop of the business establish-
ment down to the rankest squatter
camps is thatthievery and ostentatious
materialism have corroded the moral
foundations of the governing African
National Congress. If I had to sum up
what Iheard in two weeks ofreporting
in a simple plea, itwould go likethis:
Spareus the liberationcant; send us
someonewho can just get the jobdone.
ThaboMbeki,who had the impossible
task offollowing Mr.Mandela,was not
that person. Kgalema Motlanthe, anoth-
ermine-union veteranwho servedatour
as the country’sinterim president after
Mr.Mbeki was ousted and is currently
deputypresident, is regardedasdecent
but ineffectual.And President Jacob
Zuma,electedin2009, has become a
laughingstock. Graft and nepotism have
dominated the headlines, and his sex life
has invitedboth ridicule and loathing.
Theobviousquestion, askedbyskep-
tics and admirers alike, is how much a
Cyril Ramaphosa can dotofix a system
that is festering from top to bottom.
Mr. Ramaphosa acknowledged the
corruption, describing it as ‘‘a cancer,’ ’
but said hewas confident it could be
‘‘reeledin.’ ’ When I askedspecifically
about Mr.Zuma,whose latest scandal is
the fortune in government and special-
interest moneylavished on his fortified
country estate, Mr. Ramaphosa deferred
to thevarious official investigations un-
der way,which may ormaynot be al-
lowed to run their course. The factthat
SouthAfrica has an aggressive free press
and outspoken opposition parties that
providethe critics withsomuchmeat is a
sign of underlying ethical health, he said.
Mr. Ramaphosa’sreappearance in the
lineofsuccessionsurprisedmany people
who doubtedhe had the fight in him. He
has someof President Barack Obama’s
distaste for drama; he did not fight for
the deputyjobbut waited to be anointed.
When we met, Mr. Ramaphosa made a
pointofsounding eagerforcombat.
‘‘Theonething I liked with Obama’s
acceptance speech’’ after the 2012 elec-
tion, hevolunteered, ‘‘was whenhe
said, ‘Democracy can be noisy and
messy.’ But itworks.And I think ours is
likethat as well.Ours is very dramatic
and messy and noisy.’ ’
Ready ornot, expectations have been
fanned back to life. Having been
crownedMr.Zuma’sdeputyinthe party,
Mr. Ramaphosa is poised to becomevice
presidentof the government. There is
speculation, so far unconfirmed,that
Mr.Zuma will let him carve out arole as
a kind of prime minister, surround him-
self withacompetentteam and starten-
acting the reforms thatwere laid out in
the new national development plan.
There isamore improbable chance
thatMr.Zuma, perhaps evenbeforethe
nextelectionin2014, will be dragged
downbya egations of malfeasance,
leavingMr. Ramaphosa atthetop.
This may all be magical thinking, but
South Africa’syoung democracy has a
resiliencethat has takenitthis far. Ev-
erything about South Africa is negotiat-
ed, including theterms ofcoexistence
across lines of language, race, ideology
and class.Maybethe country is ready
foranegotiator in chief, a man who
brings, among other things, an instinct
for the sufficient consensus.
Bill Keller is a former executive editor of
The New York Times and was the paper’s
Johannesburg bureau chief from 1992 to
1995. He writes a column for the newspa-
per’s Op-Ed page. This article is an ad-
aptation of a piece that originally ap-
peared in The New York Times
Magazine.
21. His worthisestimatedat$675 mil-
lion. I was there becauseofreports that
hewas considering a return to politics.
Sureenough, a weekafter ourconver-
sation,the governing African National
Congress summoned him back to the na-
tional cause, voting him the party’s
deputypresident by a landslide. Theelec-
tionput Mr. Ramaphosa, now 60, back on
thetrack Mr.Mandela had in mind for
him 18 years ago. At last, we may find out
whetherhe is, as many South Africans
have long believed,the best president
South Africa has not yet had.
To someonevisiting afteralong ab-
sence, South Africa feels bothprosper-
ous and precarious. The airports and
sportsarenas ofJohannesburg and
Durban areworld-caliber.And there is a
class of very rich black capitalists like
Mr. Ramaphosa. But thewealthdoes
not completely hide a malaise, born of
inequality and corruption and dis-
chargedinbursts of violent discontent.
The mostunsettling recent reminder
that South African liberation is far from
fully delivered was a wildcat strike in
Augustthatended with the massacreof
platinumminers in a towncalledMarik-
ana. The mine killings entangled Mr.
Ramaphosa in a controversy that, in
America,would surely have the suffix
‘‘gate’’ attached to it. He is a sharehold-
er and board member of the platinum
company whose minewas the sceneof
the killings. Indeed, his portfolio is
stuffed withinvestmentsinthe mining
industries.
In the days of white rule, Mr. Rama-
phosa organizedSouth Africa’spower-
ful black mineworkers’union. Sothe in-
dustries that made him a champion of
the liberationstruggle have, more re-
cently, made him a very wealthy man
and causedsometoquestion where his
loyaltieslie. He is now trying to turn a
tragedy that lookedat firsttobe a liabil-
ityinto an asset — aspur to actionfora
democracy in dire need ofasecond
wind.
‘‘WhatMarikana gives usisanoppor-
tunity — it has come at great cost—to
actually start afresh,’ ’ hetold me.
What happenedatMarikana in Au-
gust is not uncommoninSouth Africa: a
strike forbetterpay,unsupportedby
theunion,erupting into days of angry
rampage. Lonmin, he multinational
thatowns theembattledmine, is a finan-
cially troubledcompany basedinLon-
don. Ramaphosa’sholding company ac-
quired9percentofLonmin’sSouth
African subsidiary in 2010, andwhen the
strike becameugly,the feckless man-
agementturned to Mr. Ramaphosa for
counsel. E-mails the company handed
over to acontinuing official inquiry de-
scribeMr. Ramaphosa pleadingwith his
contactsingovernment, theunion,the
A.N.C. and the mining industry to stop
the bloodshed.
By Aug. 15,when Mr. Ramaphosa
vented his frustration to the chiefcom-
mercial officer ofLonmin, 10 people had
been killedinthe battlesamong
strikers, nonstrikers, local union offi-
cials and mine securityguards. The
senseofmenacewas growing, yet the
company was in disarray, and the police
still kepttheir distance.
‘‘Theterribleevents that have unfol-
ded cannot be describedasalabor dis-
pute,’’ Mr. Ramaphosa wrote. ‘‘They
are plainly dastardly criminal and must
be characterizedassuch. In linewith
this characterization,there needs to be
concomitant action to address this situ-
ation.’ ’
The following day,the police arrived
in paramilitary formation. Scatteredby
tear-gas grenades, rubberbullets and
water cannons, he angry miners
rushedinto an areaboxed off by police
armor and spools ofrazor wire. Thirty-
KHALED DESOUKI/AFP
Protesting the ascendance of the Muslim
Brotherhood in Tahrir Square on Friday.
Record numbers of Syrians flee
to Jordan as viol
ence escalates
GENEVA
BY NICK CUMMING-BRUCE
Record numbers of Syrians are fleeing
into Jordan at aquickening pacetoes-
capethe intensifying violenceofacivil
war that is posing an expanding threat
to civilian populations,theUnitedNa-
tions refugee agency said on Friday.
By Friday, morethan 6,000 Syrians
had arrivedat a camp in Zaatari, in
northern Jordan,Melissa Fleming, a
spokeswoman for theUnitedNations
High CommissionerforRefugees,told
journalists. The influx, consistingmainly
of familiesledbywomen, broughtto
morethan 30,000 the number of Syrians
that had reached Zaatari since Jan. 1.
Thatwas almost doublethe number who
arrivedinDecember,Ms. Fleming said.
Many had come from the city and sub-
urbs of Daraa, she said. Theydescribed
a ‘‘real day-to-day struggletosurvive’’
in the faceofgeneral and targeted vio-
lence, loss ofproperty, physical destruc-
tion,the closureofmedical facilities,
high prices and shortages offood,water
We may find out whether he
is, as many South Africans
believe, the best president his
country has not yet had.
and electricity.
TheZaatari camp,which openedin
July, already has some 65,000 people,
and the agency said itwas working with
Jordanian authorities to build and open
asecond camp by theend of the month
to accommodate 5,000 refugees and
eventually serve some 30,000 people.
Many families arrive withyoung chil-
dren or babies, and theZaatari camp has
recordedseven to 10 babiesborn every
day over the past month, according to
Ms. Fleming.Many Syrians arrived sick
becauseof the collapseofmedical ser-
vices and supplies ofmedicines. Three
childrendiedinthe camp this week, in-
cluding a two-day-old infant, she said.
The agency reported that it is work-
ing double shifts to try to register Syri-
ans who are living elsewhere in Jordan
and expects to have 50,000 onitsbooks
by theend ofFebruary, but it noted that
Jordanian authoritiessay300,000 Syri-
ans have now entered the country. The
number of Syrian refugeesinthe region
is fast approaching 700,000, the agency
said,with 221,000 registeredinLebanon,
156,000 in Turkey and 76,000 in Iraq.
the party’snational executive commit-
tee and has been the chairman of influ-
ential working groups — including the
onethat devised the rules of black eco-
nomic empowerment.
The heory was that newly em-
powered black capitalists would make it
their responsibility to pass their good
fortune down to theworkers and new
business acumendown to anext genera-
tion of black startups.AsMr. Ramaphosa
concededwhenwe talked lastmonth, not
enough trickleddown.What did trickle
down tended to be in the form of charity,
not new business development.
Itwas not until 2009 thatMr. Rama-
phosa began a concentrated effortto
‘‘incubate’’ small and medium black
businessesbygiving themseedmoney,
training and mentors. There are cur-
rently 73new entrepreneurs in the
Shanduka program. That it has takenso
long, he said, is the faultofawhite-ruled
system that starved black schools, for-
bade black land ownership and out-
lawed almost any business more ambi-
tious than a township bodega.
‘‘Could it have movedquickerin18
years?’’ Mr. Ramaphosa asked. ‘‘My
answerisno. Our expectations were far
too high. To get education to sink deep
into the minds ofanation takesagener-
ation and more.’’
‘‘Yourcountry has had 200 years of
democracy,’ ’ he added. ‘‘We’re teen-
agers.We’re still growing up.’ ’
In fairness, South Africa has made
real progress. The country has growna
substantial black middle class and ex-
tendedsubsistence-level welfare for the
poorest. But an enormouspopulation
remains immobilizedatthe bottom. The
combination of economic empower-
ment for the rich and welfare for the
poor has creatednot just a wide gulf in
living standards but also acultural gap
between the ambitious and powerful
and the dependent and despairing.
Religious Services
Association
of Int'l Churches
Paris and
Suburbs
Vietnam
NEW LIFE FELLOWSHIP,
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English worship: 10:30 am Sunday.
Email: newlife@hcm.vnn.vn
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SAINT JOSEPH'S
English speaking
Catholic Church Mon-Fri. Masses
8:30am Sat. 11am & 6:30pm
(Vigil), Sunday Masses 9:30, 11,
12:30 & 6:30pm. 50 ave Hoche,
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Metro Charles de Gaulle - Etoile.
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BRIEFLY
United States
Under fire, ‘they didn’t care that I was a woman’
MILITARY, FROMPAGE 1
haze outside, amedic jumpedinto the
carrier and set his kit beside her. ‘‘Are
you amedic?’’ he asked.
Heck no, SergeantPearsall replied.
‘‘I’m the photographer.’ ’
The question that now looms over the
Pentagonasit moves toward full gender
integrationiswhetherfemale service
members like SergeantPearsall, forall
their bravery underfire, can perform
the same dangerous and physically de-
manding tasks day in and day out, for
weeks at a time, as permanent mem-
bers ofground combatunits likethe in-
fantry or armoredcavalry.
Since 1994, womenhave technically
been barredfromserving in those front-
lineunits. But throughout thewars in
Iraq and Afghanistan,women —work-
ing as medics, intelligenceofficers, pho-
tographers and military policeofficers
and in a hostof otherjobs — have been
routinely ‘‘attached’’ to all-male ground
combatunits,wheretheyhave comeun-
derfire, returnedfire, been wounded
and been killed.
To supporters ofSecretary ofDefense
LeonE.Panetta’sdecision to rescind
the prohibition on womenincombat—
he and Gen.Martin E. Dempsey,the
chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, for-
mally did soonThursday —theexperi-
ences of thosewomenproved thatthe
distinctionbetweenbeing ‘‘attached’’ to
acombatunit and actually serving in
onewas outdated and pointless.
‘‘When the military goes to full inte-
gration, it allowscommanders to put the
best personinthe job, not justthe best
man,’ ’ said GregJacob, aformer Marine
Corps officer who is now policy director
for the ServiceWomen’s ActionNet-
work, an advocacy groupfor womenin
the military. ‘‘If the best shot in the pla-
toonisawoman, I canmake her a sniper.
But until now, Icouldn’t dothat.’’
But to skeptics of the policy change, it
is onething for women to perform well
when theycomeunderfirewhiletempo-
rarily attached to all-male combatunits.
It is a far differentthing,theyargue, to
carry out the daily mission ofhunting
down and engaging enemy forcesasan
infantry soldier or tank commander.
Representative Duncan Hunter, Re-
publican of California and a Marine vet-
eran withcombat tours in Iraq and Af-
ghanistan, defines t as a difference
between ‘‘incidental combat,’’ as wom-
enhave facedinattacks onconvoys, and
‘‘direct combat duties of ouradvanced
and mostelite ground operators.’ ’
Mr. Hunter said in a statement, ‘‘The
WASHINGTON
Obama installs new staff
made up of familiar faces
President Barack Obama on Friday
began to shakeup his White House
staff, installing a new team largely
madeup of familiar facesmoved to dif-
ferent positions.
Mr.Obama namedDenis R.Mc-
Donough,the principal deputynational
securityadviser, as his newWhite
House chief ofstaff, and was to shuffle
around other officials in theWestWing.
Moving up to deputy chief ofstaff
was to be RobNabors, currently the
president’slegislative affairs chief, and
replacingMr.McDonough atthe Na-
tional SecurityCouncil was to be Tony
Blinken,the national securityadviser
to VicePresident Joseph R. BidenJr.
WASHINGTON
Adoptions from abroad plunge
as countries tighten policies
The number offoreign childrenadopt-
edbyAmericans has plunged to its
lowest levelinmorethanadecade as
some countrieshave cut back onadop-
tions to theUnitedStates, government
officials said.
Foreign adoptions dropped62per-
cent, to 8,668, in the 2012 fiscal year
from a high of22,991 in 2004, according
to areport releasedbythe State De-
partmentonThursday.
State Departmentofficials attribute
the decline primarily to the internal
policies ofseveral countries, particu-
larly China, Russia and SouthKorea,
which have sharply limitedadoptions
to theUnitedStatesinrecent years.
WASHINGTON
Republican senator of Georgia
says he won’t seek re-election
Senator Saxby Chambliss ofGeorgia
said Friday that hewould not seeka
third term next year,expressing deep
frustration withWashington gridlock.
Mr. Chambliss, 69, rejectedsugges-
tions that he could not have surviveda
likely Republican primary fightwith
the Tea Party, instead citing his frustra-
tion withboth President Barack Obama
and the lack ofmeaningfullegislationin
Congress.
(AP)
STACY L. PEARSALL
Staff Sgt. Stacy L. Pearsall in a self-portrait she made aboard a Black Hawk helicopter over Baghdad in 2003. She was decorated for her actions under fire in Baquba, Iraq, in 2007.
questionhere is whether this change
will actually makeour military betterat
operating in combat, specifically finding
and targeting theenemy.’ ’
Ask SergeantPearsall —whowas
decoratedforheractions in Baquba and
receivedamedical retirement from the
air force in 2008 — and the answeris
simple: Yes,womencando it, and I
already have.
During herfour-monthIraqtourin
2007 — cut short by injuries — shewent
onpatrols almost daily,wearing the same
heavybody armor and Kevlar helmet as
the men,while lugging camera equip-
ment. She, too, cameunderfire. She, too,
fired back. She, too, saw friends die.
‘‘I didn’t sit around thinking: ‘I’ma
woman, Idon’t think I can carry this
gun,’ ’ ’ she said. ‘‘AndIcan’t speak for the
men, but Ifeel thatwhen the bulletswere
flying,they didn’t carethat I was a wom-
an, as long as I was pulling thetrigger.’ ’
‘‘I contributed to theteam effort,’’ she
added. ‘‘If I can dothat, that’sallthat
matters.’ ’
The armedservicesare now develop-
ing gender-neutral standards forallof
their jobs, and thePentagon has vowed
thatthose standards will not be lowered
to make iteasierfor women to join com-
batunits.
At present, the army, for instance, al-
lows women to pass their physical fit-
ness tests withfewerpush-ups than
men and a slower two-mile run,the
equivalentofabout 3,200 meters.
Will womenbe abletomeet anew,
single standard? KristenRouse, a first
lieutenant in the New York Army Na-
tional Guard,who just returnedfrom
her third deploymenttoAfghanistan,
said that shewas confidenttheycould.
‘‘In my fitness test, Ialways pass by
the standards of amaleofmyequivalent
age,’’ she said. ‘‘And I’mnot an athlete.
The physical demands are not insur-
mountable.’’
en climb higher on the military career
ladder.
‘‘There is prestigethere, whenyou
can say, ‘I got to work with theAfghan
Army,’ or‘Iwas withaunit in multiple
firefights,’ ’ ’ she said. ‘‘There is a lot
more prestigetherethan if you say,
‘Hey, Ispentthe last nine months ship-
ping equipment fromBagram.’ ’ ’
But SergeantPearsall, 33,who now
owns a photography school in Charle-
ston, South Carolina, said she hoped the
policy changewould do something else
as well: Give womenmore credibility
with their commanders and healthcare
providers when theyreturn from war
with physical injuries ormental health
problems.
She says she had trouble convincing
peoplethat she had sustained brain and
neck injuriesinIraqbecauseofcombat.
‘‘People just assumedIwas not in-
juredincombat, because I had not been
in a combatunit,’’ she said.
‘‘When the military goes
to full integration, it allows
commanders to put the best
person in the job, not just
the best man.’’
Mr. Jacob,whowas a training com-
pany commanderforbothmale and fe-
maleMarine recruits, said the keywould
betomakewomen systematically train
to the higherstandards.When the Corps
has donethat—by requiring women to
domore pull-ups orlongerruckmarches
—theyconsistently succeeded, he said.
And atthe sametime, better training has
reduced weight-bearing injuries to
backs and hips — a majorconcern
among femaletroops, he said.
Like many female service members,
Lieutenant Rouse, who always wanted
to serve in a tank unit, said she believed
lifting the prohibition would help wom-
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At least 9 die
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BAGHDAD
BY DURAID ADNAN
At least sevenprotesters and two sol-
diers were killed Friday in clashes that
startedafter Iraqi Army forces opened
fireondemonstrators who had pelted
them withrocks on the outskirts ofFal-
luja,westof Baghdad.
Itwas the first deadly confrontationin
morethan a month ofanti-government
protestsbymostly Sunni opponents of
PrimeMinisterNuri Kamal al-Maliki.
A security official said one clash star-
ted whenprotesters began throwing
rocks at government forcesat acheck-
point near a main highway. The forces
opened ire, and demonstrators re-
spondedbyburning army vehicles and
two cars,one belonging to alawmaker
from the mainly Sunni Iraqiya bloc and
theother to alocal politician from the
province, Anbar.Amedical official in
Falluja said sevencivilians were killed
and 44 peoplewerewounded.
Later,unidentifiedgunmen killed two
soldiers and wounded one at an army
checkpoint south of Falluja, in apparent
retaliation, and gunmen kidnapped
three soldiers, apoliceofficial said.
The Iraqi DefenseMinistry later
broadcast astatement saying itwould
investigate and punish those respon-
sible for the gunfire, while compensat-
ing the peoplewhowere harmed.
Sectarian unrest and political tension
have been worsening since December,
whensecurityforcesloyal toMr.Maliki,
a Shiite, raided the homeof the coun-
try’sSunni finance minister. The raid
revivedaccusations by Sunnis and oth-
ers thatMr.Maliki and his political bloc
were seeking to monopolize powerbe-
fore provincial elections in April.
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The first C.I.A. officer to face prisonfor
disclosing classified information was
sentenced on Friday to 30 months in
prisonbyajudge atthe federal court-
house here.
The judge, LeonieM.Brinkema, said
that in approving the sentence, she
would respecttheterms ofaplea agree-
ment between the formerC.I.A. agent,
John C. Kiriakou, and prosecutors, but
‘‘I think 30 months is way too light.’’
The judge said ‘‘this is not acaseofa
whistle-blower.’ ’ Shewenton to de-
scribethe damagethatMr. Kiriakou
had createdfor the intelligence agency
and an agentwhose cover was disclosed
by Mr. Kiriakou.
The sentencing was the latest chapter
in theObama administration’s unprece-
dented crackdown ongovernmentoffi-
cials who disclose classified information
to the newsmedia. Since 2009,the admin-
istration has chargedfive othercurrent
orformergovernmentofficialswithleak-
ing classified information, morethan all
previous administrations combined.
InOctober,Mr. Kiriakou pleadedguilty
to one chargeof violating the Intelligence
Identities Protection Actwhenhe dis-
closed to areporter the nameofaformer
agency operative who had beeninvolved
in the Bush administration’sbrutal inter-
rogation ofdetainees. The plea was the
firsttime someone had beensuccessfully
prosecuted under the law in 27 years.
Mr. Kiriakou, whoworkedasaC.I.A.
operative from 1990to2004, had played
a significant role in someof the C.I.A.’s
major achievementsafter the attacks of
Sept. 11, 2001. In March of2002, he leda
group ofagency and Pakistani security
officers in a raid that captured Abu
Zubaydah,whowas suspected ofbeing
a high-level facilitatorfor Al Qaeda.
In 2007, three years afterhe leftthe
C.I.A., Mr. Kiriakou discussed in an in-
terview on ABC News the suffocation
technique thatwas usedinthe interrog-
ations knownaswaterboarding. He said
itwas torture and should no longerbe
usedbytheUnitedStates, but he
defended the C.I.A. for using it in theef-
forttoprevent attacks.
After theABC interview was broad-
cast, reporters contacted Mr. Kiriakou.
In subsequente-mails withafreelance
writer,Mr. Kiriakou disclosed the name
of oneof his formercolleagues,whowas
still undercover and had been a partof
the interrogations.
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AnarticleWednesday about China’s
advancesinthe aerospace industry de-
scribed incompletely an incident in-
volving the movementof Chinese naval
vessels shortly after a Chinese consor-
tium agreed to buy a majoritystake in
the International Lease Finance Corp.,
which owns theworld’ssecond-largest
passengerjet fleet. Whilethe state-run
Chinese newsagency,Xinhua, reported
hours after the deal was announced that
navy vessels had entered thewaters
surrounding a cluster of uninhabitedis-
lands claimedbyboth China and Japan,
the report—significant becausethe
Chinese Navy has a policy ofnot an-
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pute. The JapaneseMinistry ofDefense
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vessels and thatthey turnedaway well
before reaching the disputed islands.
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