Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English, Język Koreański, PDF
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Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
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Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
Korean and English Stops Phoneme Substitutions Syllable Structure
Vowel Insertion
Stop Voicing
Nasalization
/n/-Insertion
conclusion
1. Korean and English Stops
While Korean has three distinctive voiceless stops as phonemes, English has two distinctive stops:
voiceless stops /p, t, k/ and voiced stops /b, d, g/. Voiceless stops are aspirated in the word initial or in the
stressed-syllable initial position, but they are not aspirated after /s/ and in the unstressed-syllable initial
position, and they remain unexploded in the syllable coda position. The following show the Korean and
English stop phonemes and allophones. The most similar sounds are linked together. [
Note: English
unaspirated voiceless stops sound more similar to Korean fortis stops rather than lenis stops.
]
(1)
Korean and English Stop Phonemes and Allophones
2. Phoneme Substitutions
Koreans tend to substitute Korean /p , t , k / for English /p, t, k/, and Korean /p, t, k/ for English /b, d, g/,
which causes a devoicing problem in the word initial or word final position. [
Note: Actually, the result of
Major & Faudree (1996) shows that the voiced stops in the word initial position are not a big problem to Korean
learners of English. They conclude that the subjects overcame the difficulty of voicing in the word initial position.
However, according to Ladefoged (1993), native listeners of English differentiate a voiceless stop and a voiced
stop in the word initial position by the presence of aspiration not by the presence of voicing, and also those in the
word final position by the duration of preceding vowels not by the presence of voicing, since English stops in
those positions are partially devoiced. Thus, the Korean speakers do not seem to have problems in differentiating
voiceless stops (= aspirated ones) and voiced stops (= unaspirated lenis ones) in the word initial position.
Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
However, many Korean learners of English do not know that the vowel duration is longer before a voiced
consonant than before a corresponding voiceless consonant. This must have lead to much poorer result in the
production of word final voiced stops in Major & Faudree's (1996) experiment.
] The following are consonant
substitutions (H-B Park, 1992:59) and vowel substitutions made by Korean speakers:
(2) a.
Consonat Substitutions
b.
Vowel Substitutions
3. Syllable Structure
Not only the phoneme inventories but also the syllable structures of English and Korean are quite
different from each other. The Korean syllable structure is much simpler than that of English: V, CV or
CVC. It does not allow consonant clusters,
[Note: There is some debate about the treatment of glide in the
Korean syllable structure. It has usually been regarded as part of a vowel (C-W Kim & H-Y Kim, 1991) owing to
the orthography, but recently there is another claim that it may not part of a vowel but an onset element (YS Lee,
1983). If such a claim is admitted, we may say Korean allows a consonant cluster only in the form of "C + G" in
the syllable onset position. However, because this issue is beyond the scope of the present study, it will not be
considered further here.]
and the syllable coda position is restricted to only lenis stops /p, t, k/, nasals /m,
n, / and a lateral /l/.
4. Vowel Insertion
Broselow (1987:272) proposes the following Syllable Structure Transfer Hypothesis:
(3)
Syllable Structure Transfer Hypothesis
When the target language permits syllable structures which are not permitted in the native
language, learners will make errors which involve altering these structures to those which would be
permitted in the native language.
Korean speakers learning English seem to support this hypothesis. Inserting a vowel, they try to break
consonant clusters. They also insert a vowel after a fricative or an affricate sound, since fricatives or
affricates in the syllable coda position, without vowel insertion, would be neutralized as /t/ under the
application of SFNR (1). That is, bus might be homophonous with but. Due to the epenthesis, the original
syllable-final fricative or affricate is resyllabified as a syllable-initial one, and can be realized as a more
similar sound to the target language (Nam & Southard, 1994:267). A high front vowel /i/ is inserted after
Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
a palatal sound such as / , , , / and a high back unrounded vowel / / is inserted elsewhere (Ahn,
1991:15; Tak, 1996:768, 775). The following are some examples of vowel insertion by Korean speakers:
(4) a. Christmas --> [k ris mas ]
b. church --> [ : i]
In (4b), /r/ in the coda position is deleted, since Korean syllable system does not allow /r/ in this position,
and instead its preceding vowel is compensatorily lengthened.
[This is by chance similar to British English.
However, usually, Korean speakers are not taught British English pronunciation at school. If /r/ is not deleted, it
may be neutralized as /l/ by Korean speakers, which must lead to a more undesirable result.]
On the other hand, H-B Park (1992) insists that Korean speakers insert / / after a stop, if its
preceding vowel is a tense/long vowel or a diphthong, giving the following examples:
(5) a. [p i:k ] 'peak'
[k out ] 'coat'
[p aip ] 'pipe'
b. [p ik] 'pick'
[kut] 'good'
[t ip] 'tip'
However, as shown in the variants [k eik] and [k eik ] for
cake
, or in the variants [t aip] and [t aip
] for
type
, vowel insertion may not apply even after a diphthong. K-J Lee (1992) has the similar idea to
H-B Park (1992). Exemplifying that
dog
has two different variants [tok] and [to:g ] but
guide
or
league
are always realized as [kaid ] and [li:g ], she insists that an English syllable-final voiced stop is
epenthesized when following a long vowel or a diphthong, and that it is unreleased when following a
short vowel. In fact, a syllable-final voiced stop tends to be epenthesized quite easily, even if it is
preceded by a short/lax vowel as shown in [k g ] for
gag
. This is because the devoiced stop sound by
substituting Korean /k/ for English /g/ can be voiced again by
hrough vowel
insertion. It would be interesting to investigate which strategy (devoicing but keeping the syllable
structure, or preserving voicing but adding a syllable through vowel insertion) Korean speakers use more
often in such a situation and which is better on the viewpoint of intelligibility by native speakers of
English. To sum up, the vowel insertion rules can be formulated as follows:
(6)
Vowel Insertion Rules
a.
In the case of a consonant cluster in the syllable onset position
Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
b.
In the case of a consonant cluster in the syllable coda position
b-1
If the first consonant following the vowel is permissible in the coda position
b-2
If the first consonant following the vowel is not permissible
c.
In the case of a consonant in the syllable coda position
c-1.
If a non-sonorant consonant is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong
c-2.
If the consonant is not permissible in the syllable coda position
5. Transfer of LSVR (Lenis Stop Voicing Rule)
The transfer of
results in voicing a voiceless stop in an intervocalic position. Not a few Korean
Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English
learners of English tend to mispronounce stop it as [s t abit], or check up as [ eg p]. Their
derivations can be displayed as follows:
(7)
6. Transfer of Nasalization (NasR)
The transfer of NasR seems to be more serious. Many Koreans pronounce pop music as [p am mju ik],
and nickname as [ni neim] (Nam & Southard, 1994).
7. Transfer of /n/-Insertion Rule
A pronunciation of Look at yourself can be described as follows:
(8)
8. Conclusion
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